MENTAL DISORDERS
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above. (DSM-5-TR)
ANXIETY DISORDERS
PANIC DISORDER
has the presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least 1 month of persistent worry about having another panic attack. The characteristic symptoms of a panic attack are: palpitations or tachycardia, sweating, trembling or shaking, feeling short of breath or suffocation, choking sensations, chest pain or discomfort, nausea or abdominal distress, feeling dizzy, unsteadiness, lightheadedness or fainting, fear of losing control or going crazy, fear of dying, paresthesias, and chills or heat waves.
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
is characterized by clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to a specific, feared object or situation, often leading to avoidance behaviour.
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER (SOCIAL PHOBIA)
is characterized by clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain types of social or performance situations in which the individual is exposed to strangers or to possible scrutiny by others, often leading to avoidance behaviour.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
is characterized by obsessions (which cause marked anxiety or distress) and/or compulsions (which serve to neutralize anxiety). Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. Obsessions or compulsions cause marked distress, are time-consuming, or significantly interfere with the individual's usual routine, occupational functioning, activities, or social relationships.
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
is characterized by the reliving of an extremely traumatic event, accompanied by symptoms of heightened reaction and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
is characterized by at least 6 months of excessive and persistent anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities. The main symptoms are restlessness or feeling of being on edge, fatigability, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning or other important areas of the individual's life.
EATING DISORDERS
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
is characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight in a minimum normal range, intense fear of gaining weight or gaining weight, disturbance in the way weight is experienced.
BULIMIA NERVOSA
is characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviours (such as vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, excessive fasting or exercise), a sense of lack of control during the binge episode, and a self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
BINGE-EATING DISORDER
is characterized by a large consumption of food in a short period associated with some unpleasant emotion. Feelings of sadness, loneliness, and emptiness can trigger the compulsive episode, the person feels the food as something to escape or pleasure and relief from negative emotions. The person may over time develop obesity and organic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER - ADHD
SYMPTOMS
INATTENTION
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Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes.
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Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
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Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
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Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish tasks.
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Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
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Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
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Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities.
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Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
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Is often forgetful in daily activities.
HYPERACTIVITY AND IMPULSIVITY
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Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat.
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Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected.
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Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate.
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Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
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Is often “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor”.
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Often talks excessively.
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Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed.
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Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn.
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Often interrupts or intrudes on others.
MOOD DISORDERS
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
is characterized by a depressed mood most of the day, diminished interest or pleasure in all or most activities, weight loss or weight gain as well as loss or increased appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, excessive or inadequate feelings of worthlessness or guilt, diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, or a specific plan to commit suicide. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning or other important areas of the individual's life.
PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (DYSTHYMIA)
is characterized by a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. The main symptoms are poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. During those 2 years, the subject has never been symptom-free for more than 2 months.
BIPOLAR I DISORDER
is characterized by manic and depressive episodes. Among the manic episodes, we find the symptoms of abnormal elevated, expansive or irritable mood, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking, flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences. The mood disturbance is severe enough to cause marked impairment in occupational functioning, social activities, or customary relationships with others.
BIPOLAR II DISORDER
is characterized by the presence of a major depressive episode, and a hypomanic episode. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning or in other important areas of the person's life.
CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
is characterized by a minimum 2-year period with multiple occurrences of hypomanic and depressive episodes. During those 2 years, the individual was not symptom-free for more than 2 consecutive months.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
The essential features of Schizophrenia are a mixture of characteristic signs and symptoms that have been present for a significant time for 1 month, with some signs of the disorder persisting for at least 6 months. These signs and symptoms are associated with marked social and/or occupational dysfunction.
CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS
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Delusions
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Hallucinations
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Disorganized Thinking (Speech)
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Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior
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Diminished emotional expression
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Avolition